Relation between business and culture free essay sample

To know before you go is an essential but often overlooked skill in the world of business. Competing in todays global economy means the successful business person must understand the relationship between culture and international business. Brush up on international etiquette, tips and customs. The advent and emerging popularity of the Internet changed the way we conduct business. It all but eliminated the geographic limitations of handling business affairs and negotiating trade. Now a corporation in Wyoming can conduct transactions with a company in Shanghai in real time. An automotive plant in Maine can order parts from Japan with the click of a mouse. Despite these advances, some things in the world of business have not changed. To be competitive in business and successful in professional dealings, companies have to understand how another countrys culture affects the way we do business with them. Brief definition of business: Business is an economic activity, which is related with continuous and regular production and distribution of goods and services for satisfying human wants. We will write a custom essay sample on Relation between business and culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All of us need food, clothing and shelter. We also have many other household requirements to be satisfied in our daily lives. We met these requirements from the shopkeeper. The shopkeeper gets from wholesaler. The wholesaler gets from manufacturers. The shopkeeper, the wholesaler, the manufacturer are doing business and therefore they are called as Businessman. Brief defnition of culture: Culture describes the cumulative influences on a group of people or society–their collective knowledge, characteristics and learned behaviours. This knowledge is passed on from generation to generation and accounts for the different cultures that we can see around the world, for example Western culture, Eastern culture, Middle Eastern culture, African and Latin culture. Each of these cultures is defined by the values, traditions, social habits and behaviours, language, belief systems, concepts of the universe, dress, food, music and arts that they encompass. Culture determines what is acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or wrong, workable or unworkable. It encompasses all learned and shared, explicit or tacit, assumptions, beliefs, knowledge, norms, and values, as well as attitudes, behavior, dress, and language. What is Business Culture? Companies that have to compete with others in the marketplace set themselves apart by their ability to interact on a personal level with their clients and vendors. Companies that conduct business internationally should take precautions not to offend their potential clients. They must understand that the slightest breach in etiquette can destroy years of positive relations. ex: It is John’s first trip overseas to meet a potential client in China for his company, ToysInc. Upon arrival he greets the first man he sees with a loud, boisterous hello and a firm hug. After being formally introduced, he calls his potential client by his first name, and shoves the business card he was given carelessly into his pocket. Later in the day he joins his new team for a business lunch where he arrives five minutes late. There John takes the initiative to begin eating, using a fork, and takes the last of the food on the table. During the meal he is loud, and makes an attempt to tell a joke when there is silence at the table. John’s outgoing, friendly personality makes him a great employee of Toys Inc. in the United States; however, his behavior with the Chinese clients could cost Toys Inc. their business. Communication and business practices vary greatly from country to country. It is important for business men and women to study the way business is conducted in other countries as there are very different norms for behavior across borders. This not only includes the way meetings and negotiations are run, but how greetings are done, whether gifts are appropriate, what types of verbal and non-verbal communication are used, as well as cultural attitudes. It is also imperative to learn how to behave in a social setting, because in many countries a personal relationship precedes that of a business relationship. Thomas Jaffee once said that first impressions- looking good and having a friendly greeting for someone- will go a long way. In business, this is much harder than it sounds because looking good and being friendly must be catered specifically to each culture. On a first encounter, eye contact, distance, introduction styles, dress, gifts, and language are all things that should be studied before a meeting takes place. In this research, two countries will be explored in details China and the United States of America. Appropriate Business Behavior in China Of these two countries, business culture in China is the most reserved, and is perhaps most unlike that of the United States. First and foremost, a contact should always be established before representatives of a business are sent to China. Trips to China are best if scheduled between the months of April to June, and September through October, when they will not conflict with any Chinese holidays (Morrison, Conaway, and Borden, 1994). On arrival, the business person should not touch people because touching makes the Chinese uncomfortable, especially if it is the first meeting. Inappropriate touching would include patting on the back or squeezing the arm. In China a light handshake is accepted, but the Chinese business associate should initiate the action. Bowing is common and is done with the palms together while facing each other. Holding eye contact is a sign of disrespect and should be done cautiously, especially in a social setting. When entering a room full of potential business partners, greeting the most senior person first is important, as is using appropriate titles. Sometimes the last name is said first in Chinese culture, and individuals will expect to be addressed formally until they say otherwise. Also, if greeted with applause, return the gesture. Chinese often show little to no emotion. Generally joking is not accepted because they may not interpret humor in the same way as others. Exchanging business cards is something of great importance in China. Business cards should be printed in both English and Chinese and in plain lettering. Cards should be accepted using both hands, read, and placed somewhere safe. It is inappropriate to write on another’s card in front of the person who gave it. Business dress in China is conservative and formal. Women should wear a high neckline, and should avoid high heels if they make them taller than their host. Gift giving should be done only after a relationship has developed, and should be modest . It is important to consider carefully what is given. Researching potential cultural superstitions and hidden meanings is a very good idea. For example, a clock, anything given in a group of four, and white flowers all symbolize death. If a gift seems appropriate for a particular business situation, a nice pen or cognac is a good choice. A gift received should not be opened immediately; it is polite to open it at a later time. Business Behavior in the United States In the United States, the first impression is key to a successful business relationship. Americans like direct eye contact and a firm handshake from a client or partner. They often perceive a weak handshake as a sign of weakness in all aspects of life. When being introduced, American business people typically give a full name but insist that they are called by their first name. citizens of the United States are the most casual in both addressing one another and in dress. When meeting in a purely social environment, the foreign business person should expect to come dressed casually, rather than in proper business attire . Americans tend to be very friendly and will go out of their way to say hello or wave from afar. Like the other cultures, business cards are given frequently but are not treated with the same amount of respect as other countries. They are usually presented after the first meeting with the other party rather than the beginning . In the United States, gift giving is not practiced very often and is discouraged by law, but it is still done in some settings. In two situations gifts are appropriate: if attending a function at the person’s home or after a deal is closed . The Impact of Cultural Differences Styles of communication, both verbal and nonverbal, are different in many cultures. Words and phrases can be interpreted differently, as can gestures. Something as simple as a nod can be interpreted in two completely different ways in two countries. Seating arrangements and the distance between two people are also something that varies form culture to culture. It is important to be sensitive to the place business is being conducted. Also important for the traveling business person, is to observe things like speaking volume, posture, touching, typical conversation, and how something is written. Business Negotiation and Acceptable Practices in China Negotiating business in China is very different from American practices. It is good practice to send the same representative to do business in China every time. This builds the strong, solid relationship that the Chinese prefer. While in a meeting, the Chinese will be very vague in their propositions so that those propositions may be adjusted in the future if needed. It would not be unusual to ask the same question in many different ways in order to test a potential partner for consistency, although this practice tries the patience of the other negotiating party . Losing face is an important issue in Chinese culture, so that confrontation and direct questioning should be avoided at all costs. It is considered rude to question authority, speak loudly, or to give a negative answer. In a negotiation only a leader should be singled out; it is important not to single out others. It is easy to spot the leader because he or she will be the only person speaking, and the one to make the final decisions. As the Chinese behave in a modest manner, a business partner, client, or employee should act accordingly. As an example, if one is selling something, it is preferable to solicit the opinions of others on the sale item, in addition to those of the seller. This will be appreciated much more . People of the Chinese culture are very reserved and hard working, and it is vital that visiting business people remain modest and polite while conducting business there. Business Practices in the United States When arriving for a scheduled meeting in the United States, the business person should be sure to be punctual or even a few minutes early. If a guest arrives late, Americans perceive them as being rude or highly disorganized. An action plan or agenda with a clear cut schedule is provided at almost all formal business meetings, and contracts are written out ahead of time. That way time is not wasted in the drafting of new contracts and previously contracts may be easily modified. In negotiating, American business people are more likely to be very open and direct, and normally do not enjoy haggling. The United States produces the fastest negotiators in the world. Although they are competitive, Americans value flexibility and spontaneity, and these characteristics play key roles when trying to close out a deal. Often Americans will accept subpar deals towards the end of a negotiation, due simply to an impatient desire to complete the transaction . Americans tend not to be comfortable with silence and will make every effort to maintain constant communication. Interruptions are not always welcomed either; in presentations all questions and comments should be held to the end of a gathering unless otherwise specified . In less formal business settings, Americans are more relaxed and place great emphasis on personal achievement. Fairness and the ability for a person to move up and down the business ladder are highly valued; however, businesses in the United States also value teamwork. Unlike many other countries, business in the United States is based on personal power rather than class, status or seniority. Hiring family or friends solely based on favoritism is completely unethical in the United States . Americans are not as reserved about their personal opinions and express themselves freely in the work environment, including giving input on important decisions. Managers tend to delegate many of their responsibilities, and it is not uncommon to see lower ranked employees questioning superiors. Decisions are made on all levels . Americans think big and are constantly planning for and anticipating the future. A job description is appreciated when interviewing because clear cut roles are preferred in a business environment. Once at a job, all employees are expected to be immediately loyal. Changing jobs is very common. A person does not usually stay at one job his or her entire career. Americans are risk takers; they are likely to take chances to achieve goals. In this environment, money equals power and status . Conclusion Every country has a different way of communicating and a unique way of doing business. Chinese tend to be reserved and patient and do not like to be pressured during negotiations and its relationships are developed before business takes place. For the United States of America,The emphasis is on deal making in it. Americans do not feel it is necessary to form a personal relationship before entering into a business contract with someone. A fast-paced, scheduled plan is the way negotiations are conducted, and for the most part, individuals in the United States do not like to haggle. This research has illustrated the importance of knowledge of other cultures as the key to reducing risk of failure in business relationships. Revisiting John’s trip to China from earlier, it is now easy to identify exactly what he did wrong. His company is also to fault for not making sure he was prepared to meet with Chinese clients before he was sent. Today, globalization is the norm, and it is important that people go to different  countries prepared to do business and behave in a socially acceptable manner. This includes having a sense of communication styles, being aware of body language, learning meeting and negotiation skills, dressing appropriately, giving proper greetings, and learning how social events are conducted. It is best to be sensitive to other cultures and always treat people with respect. Goethe once said, â₠¬Å"There is nothing more frightful than ignorance in action. † This applies to international business and business people should be aware that informed actions will be appreciated by all.

A P- The Heroic Sheep Herder

A P- The Heroic Sheep Herder Free Online Research Papers One of the main reasons that a short story can be so effective is familiarity. An author uses different ways to connect with their readers to draw interest. Some authors use themes that are common to everyday life no matter what time period a person lives in, their race, or financial status. Others use emotional connections to make the reader sympathize with the characters. In the short story written by John Updike in 1962 entitled, â€Å"AP,† he uses the familiar setting of a supermarket, and gives the reader an idea of what a teenage boy thinks about teenage girls. Sammy, the narrator of the story is young, impulsive and naive. Both he and the three girls in the story are being rebellious by doing things that aren’t considered to be the norm, otherwise not conforming to what others think is right. It is not uncommon for teen aged kids to go through periods of rebellion. At this time of their lives when their hormones are raging they are basically looking to find themselves and doing things that make them feel good. Updike uses what can be viewed as a typical teenage boy for the protagonist first person narrator of this story. Sammy is a nineteen year old boy who works as a cashier at a local AP in a Boston suburb. His story begins when three young girls walk into the store barefooted wearing bathing suits. He makes it easy to see that he has great interest in these girls by his in-depth descriptions of them; this is about the first girl: The one that caught my eye first was the one in the plaid green two-piece. She was a chunky kid, with a good tan and a sweet broad soft-looking can with those two crescents of white just under it, where the sun never seems to hit, at the top of the backs of her legs. (Updike 610) It appears that he has put a little more time and effort into this new customer; he may not be able to describe other customers with such detail. As Sammy gives us his view of the second girl he goes into greater detail with his assumptions of what other people may think about her as well: A tall one, with black hair that hadn’t quite frizzed right, and one of those sunburns right across under the eyes, and a chin that was too long- you know, the kind of girl other girls think is very â€Å"striking† and â€Å"attractive† but never quite makes it, as they very well know, which is why they like her so much. (Updike 610) Finally in walks the leader of there group, one Sammy has titled, â€Å"Queenie.† Right away he goes into great detail about her entrance. He describes the way that the other two girls followed her throughout the store, assuming that she had convince the other two into coming in dressed in their bathing suits, and that she had to show them how to do it, walking slow and holding themselves straight. (Updike 610) Sammy shows his level of interest in Queenie by describing every detail about her from the color, shape and style of her bathing suit, to the manner in which is sat on her body, â€Å"off her shoulders looped loose around the cool tops of her arms, and I guess as a result the suit had slipped a little on her, so all around the top of the cloth there was this shining rim.† (Updike 610) He continues on about her face, skin, neck, and hair stating she was more than pretty and that he didn’t mind seeing this much more of her. Another way Sammy shows his high level of interest in these three young girls is by how he describes the other shoppers in the AP. He very negatively describes the customer that is at his register while the girls first walk in. This fifty year old witch is what he calls, â€Å"a cash-register-watcher† and his error of ringing up an item twice by accident has definitely made her day. (Updike 610) He finishes up his description of her by stating, â€Å"By the time I got her feathers smoothed and her goodies into a bag- she gives me a little snort in passing, if she’d been born at the right time they would have burned her over in Salem.† (Updike 610) Once again stating how much of a witch he thought she was. Another instance where Sammy shows his dislike for the other customers is when the girl walk down the aisle in front of his register, doing what he calls walking against the grain of traffic while â€Å"the sheep pushing their carts down the aisle.† (Updike 611) He describes the reaction the girls got while walking down that aisle, causing numerous looks, including a few housewives who had to do a double take to make sure they had seen correctly. The young girls did more than catch the attention of the â€Å"sheep† as Sammy liked to call them. In order to back up Sammy’s interest in these girls he tells of responses of agreement from two of his fellow co-workers who apparently feel the same way he does. The other cashier working at the AP that day was named Stokesie and he said to Sammy as the girls walked past, â€Å"Oh Daddy†¦..I feel so faint.† (Updike 611) Also, the man at the meat counter named McMahon who after giving directions to the girls, â€Å"patted his mouth and looked after them sizing up their joints.† (Updike 611) However, the sheep weren’t the only ones who did not approve of their attire as much as the boys did. The manager of the AP Mr. Lengel walks through the front door and everyone’s luck had run out, it’s what Sammy says is the saddest part of the story. (Updike 612) Mr. Lengel walks over to the girls and tells them that they are not at the beach and that the AP requires its customers to be â€Å"decently dressed.† (Updike 612) Queenie stands up herself and says, â€Å"We are decent.† The girls try to give their side of the story saying that they were only coming in to buy one item, but this fell upon deaf ears when Lengel asks Sammy to just ring up their purchase so they can leave. (Updike 613) Sammy does as he has been told. Sammy however has something build up inside of him, be it courage or stupidity and cannot let this be the final moment between himself and these three young girls. Before the girls are out of earshot Sammy tells Mr. Lengel that he quits, and that â€Å"you didn’t have to embarrass the girls the way you did.† (Updike 613) Sammy attempts to be the hero for these young girls, even though by the time it was all played out they had left the building. At this point it didn’t matter to him though, it was his way of standing up for himself and what he thought was right. At the end Sammy had lost his job for three girls who he hadn’t even spoken to. But just like the three girls who walked into an AP with no shoes on and wearing only bathing suits he was doing something rebellious by standing up to his boss and quitting his job on his own terms. In Sammy’s mind he had done something heroic, something he probably didn’t think he was capable of. Even though he knew his parents would be upset with him and he realized that he â€Å"felt how hard the world was going to be to me hereafter† (Updike 614) but at least he still didn’t have to check the sheep through the line day after day. 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Unit 6 Case Management Discussion Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 6 Management Discussion - Case Study Example The client was unusually perfect and smartly dressed. On the aspect of personality assessment, the client was apparently guarded in his responses. With respect to Summers (2012), the client remained significantly conservative and evasive, with minimum contributions accompanied by a substantial degree of suspicion. The client also appears awkward in behavior and posturing. He displayed consistent impairment in holding inappropriate sitting postures. The client was anxious throughout the entire diagnosis. During conversations, he appeared distressed and worried by the interview setting. Apart from anxiety, the client also showed significant degrees of emotional withdrawal. He was unexpressive and displayed no sign of change in moods and emotions. According to Summers (2012), this could be seen from the consistent and blunt facial expression of the client throughout the interview. Based on results from the mental status exam, numerous syndromes were established within the client’s mental problem. One symptom is that the client remained blunt and unexpressive for fear of being embarrassed or humiliated by his inappropriate actions. He also displayed elevated self-consciousness by dressing in an unusually smart manner. Summers (2012) say that additional clinical symptoms include the client’s display of extreme worry of being judged by other on what he says. In this regard, he remained rather guarded and evasive during the interview. The client’s sustained and inappropriate sitting postures suggests impairment in physical aspects when placed within a social

Health Care Business Plan Proposal Research Paper

Health Care Business Plan Proposal - Research Paper Example This business plan proposal will include a succinct examination of the market of the proposed center and the services to be provided and the equipment to be used. The business plan proposal will also describe the organizational structure of the health care center, which will include an examination of the organizational structure and a complete analysis of the employee makeup and remuneration practices. The next part of this business plan proposal will be focused on a marketing analysis of the proposed health care center. This will include the business demographics of the organization, the target market and the marketing techniques that will be used. This will also include a competitor analysis, which will be analyzed in the context of business growth and breaking into the current niche. The last part of this business plan proposal will outline a financial analysis of the proposed health care center. The financial analysis will outline the expected types of revenue, which includes an analysis of the service provided, the labor to be used, suppliers, space requirements, and other income statement items. This will help in determining the profitability of the new venture. This is a new company targeted at providing health care services to the part of the population affected by HIV and AIDS. This will be done by providing testing, counseling, and follow-up services for the afflicted patients. The company will be family oriented, meaning that the whole family is encouraged to turn up for the tests and care provided by our organization. The initial funding for the organization will be found through a partnership of two directors, who will henceforth work as equal partners in the organization. Therefore, the main service provided by the proposed health care center include testing, counseling and the provision of medicines, mainly Anti-retroviral, to the patients visiting the center. As already stated, the main services provided by our health care center

Sustainable tourism management in Spain, Benidorm Literature review

Sustainable tourism management in Spain, Benidorm - Literature review Example Before delving deeper into the nuances of sustainable development in the region of South of Spain, there is the question of an appropriate research design that will fit the criteria of the thesis statement. For relevant research and evaluation techniques, it is imperative to study the means and methods of the formulation of sustainable tourism aids through a purely business point of view. For this purpose, the two basic research design methods chosen were epistemology and ontology. Sustainable Tourism is the most important element of the dissertation. The most important piece of literature used in this regard is the book titled Sustainable Tourism Management. (Swarbrooke, 1999). This book has important notes on globalisation and a perspective on tourism management that can be applied to various parts of the world. It has developed a case in favour of sustainable tourism development through the conception of sustainable cultural tourism. This is in direct context with the model that will be developed for the South of Spain region on which the dissertation is based. The book also has relevant information on the European Union legislations as well as tourism behaviour and planning in context of foreign tourist operators and other smaller details. Another important piece of literature that has helped draw a more globally acceptable model for the South of Spain region of Benidorm is the paper titled Sustainable Tourism, Environmental Protection, and Natural resource Management: Paradise on Earth? (Neto, 2002). In this paper for the UN, the author has criteria for a sustainable tourism management model that will take the pressure off resources besides putting cultures in perspective.

The sport discipline

The sport discipline In sport disciplines that rely on speed endurance or strength endurance, anaerobic glycolysis provides the primary energy source for muscular contractions (Zajac et al., 2009) During high intensity exercise there is an increase of hydrogen (H+) ions in the mitochondria (Pilegaard et al., 1999). The metabolic demands of high-intensity exercise are met primarily by glycolysis, which is the non-oxidative breakdown of glucose (Gosselink et al.,1995). This is caused when the demand for energy exceeds oxygen supply or utilisation rate. As a result the cell mitochondria cannot process all hydrogen ions joined to its carrier NADH. The hydrogen ions begin to accumulate in the cells which decrease the pH of exercising muscles and cellular acidosis occurs (Brooks 1985). To maintain availability of NAD+, and to prevent acidosis, excess Hydrogen ions are temporarily bound with pyruvate to form lactic acid. Rupp et al., (1983) states that at rest arterial blood pH is ~7.4, while venous blood pH is normally slightly lower (~7.3-7.35) and muscle pH is ~6.9. It is also suggested Exhaustive exercise decreases pH ~0.4 pH units in both blood and muscle, and is highly correlated to increased blood lactate concentration. Similarly, blood and muscle bicarbonate ion concentration decreases linearly as a function of increasing lactate ion concentration. This increase in hydrogen ion concentration interferes with anaerobic metabolism by disrupting the activities of key enzymes; it is also associated with reduction in ATP production, lipolysis, and muscle tension (Monedero Donne. 2000). Harrison and Thompson (2005) state that the increase in acidity ultimately inhibits energy transfer and the ability of the muscles to contract; forcing the athlete to decrease the intensity of exercise. Gollnick et al., (1986) suggests that this is because hydrogen ions displace calcium from troponin, which causes interference in muscle contraction. It is the production of these hydrogen ions and the decrease in pH that causes the effects associated with fatigue (Robergs, 2004) Acidemia also has an effect on the cardiovascular system, by reducing or stops the responses of the heart to stimulation of sympathetic nerves and slows the heart rate due to vagal stimulation (Hainsworth 1986) CO2 levels and the pH of the blood perfusing the cephalic circulation has an effect on efferent signal activity (Soladoye et al., 1985) The bodys first line of defence to prevent acidemia are naturally occurring chemical buffers such as a weak carbonic acid and sodium bicarbonates (Zajac et al., 2009) A buffer is a solution containing substances which have the ability to minimise changes in pH when an acid or base is added to it (worthley 1977) The intracellular buffering system, includes amino acids, proteins, Pi, HCO3, creatine phosphate (CrP) hydrolysis, and lactate production, binds or consumes H_ to protect the cell against intracellular proton accumulation (Robergs et al., 2004) Explain gradient In the bicarbonate buffer (HCO3) system the chemical equilibrium between carbonic acid and bicarbonate act as a ph regulator. Buffering results in H+ ions being drawn out from the muscle cells into the blood due to a concentration gradient. This process reduces the acidity within in the muscle cells (Lambert et al., 1993). If the [H+] in blood begins to drop then the pH raises, more carbonic acid dissociates, replenishing hydrogen ions. When [H+] rises, the bicarbonate ion acts as a base and removes the excess hydrogen ions lowering the pH (Mcnaughton et al., 2008) During buffering NaHCO3 in plasma exerts a strong buffering action on lactic acid to form sodium lactate and carbonic acid. An additional increase in [H+] from carbonic acid dissociation causes the dissociation reaction to move in the opposite direction to release carbon dioxide into plasma. (McArdle et al., 2007) Hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide, and oxygen are detected by specialized chemoreceptors in the brain. Inside cells, carbon dioxide (CO2) combines with water (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). The carbonic acid breaks down rapidly into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. Therefore, an increase in carbon dioxide results in an increase in hydrogen ions, while a decrease in carbon dioxide brings about a decrease in hydrogen ions (West 1995) chemoreceptors in the medulla detect the raised level of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions. They send afferent signals the inspiratory center, which immidately stimulates veltilation to eliminate excess carbondioxide (McArdle et al., 2007) State how buffers work, conversion of co2 Hawthorn (1986) states that in the short term the most important buffer in the body is haemoglobin as it produces the smallest change in pH per given amount of acid, showing that it is most effective in retaining equilibrium. In the long term the most important buffer during exercise is the ventilatory buffer system in combination with bicarbonate. As the lungs remove excess CO2, reduced plasma CO2 levels accelerate the recombination of H+ and HCO3, lowering free [H+]s in plasma (McArdle et al., 2007) When the buffering capacity within the cell is exceeded, lactate and hydrogen ions diffuse outside the cells (McNaughton, 1992) thus reducing [H+] in muscle cell, this however leads to a higher H+ gradient in the blood (Robergs et al., 2004) resulting in an increased acidic environment. The ability to tolerate high-intensity exercise is limited by the bodys ability to counteract decreases in intracellular (muscle) and extracellular (blood) pH through its intrinsic buffering systems (Gosselink et al.,1995) What is Sodium Bicarbonate Lambert et al., (1993) states that Sodium bicarbonate is an alkalising agent that reduces the acidity of the blood by the process of buffering. Sodium bicarbonatebuffers the acidity from lactic acid that is created by anaerobic metabolism. This allows prolonged maintenance of force or power (Montgomery and Beaudin 1982) Sodium is an electrolyte that helps increase or maintain blood volume, creating a larger buffering space for muscles to excrete the extra acidity created by high-intensity activity. Benardot (2006) has suggested that the sodium in the sodium bicarbonate may actually be more useful than the bi carbonate. Potteiger et al. (1996) tested the effect of sodium citrate on 30-km cycling performance. Performance times averaged almost 3% faster than those in the placebo condition, showing the effectiveness of sodium and its effect on performance. Bicarbonate serves a crucial biochemical role in the pHbuffering system by accepting hydrogen ions from solutions when they are in excess and donating hydrogen ions to the solution when they are depleted, keeping a constant state of homeostasis. (Robergs et al., 2004) This process reduces the acidity within in the muscle cells. The process of buffering could therefore result in delayed fatigue and increased muscle force production. (Lambert et al., 1993) Despite an increase in extracellular bicarbonate, studies show that the sarcolemma is not permeable to bicarbonate (Mainwood Cechetto 1980). This suggests that H+ ions are not buffered inside muscle cells. Extracellular bicarbonate concentration results in greater H+ efflux to the blood (Mainwood Worsley-Brown. 1975) More about why Thus it has been reasoned by physiologists that by increasing bicarbonate reserves, the bodys extracellular buffering capacity will allow hydrogen ions to diffuse from the muscles at a faster rate. The benefit from sodium bicarbonate supplementation would therefore be a delayed onset of fatigue during anaerobic exercise (Cairns, 2006) In the early 1980s it was suggested that ingestion of NaCO3 could be effective in improving short-term exercise performance. Wilkes et al., (1983)compared the effects of NaCO3 and a placebo in six competitive 800-m runners. The bicarbonate was givenover a two-hour period at a dose equivalent to 21 gm for a 70-kg person (0.3 g per kg of body weight).The athletes completed a competitive 800-m race. Average performance was 2% faster in the bicarbonate condition than in the control or placebo conditions. In a similar study, but using a higher dose of sodium bicarbonate (0.4 g/kg, or 28 gm for a 70-kg person),Goldfinch et al. (l988)investigated the 400-m race performance of six trained runners.Athletes competed in pairs to simulate real competition. The performance of the bicarbonate group was 2% better than the control and placebo, which were not different from each other. The time difference was equivalent to a 10-m distance at the finish. Muscle biopsys on athletes have shown that after bicarbonate loading, the less acidic your blood pH and also less acidic your muscle pH. (Bouissou et al., 1988) Other studies Lactate production acts as both a buffering system, by consuming H+, and a proton remover, by transporting H+ across the sarcolemma, to protect the cell against metabolic acidosis. (Robergs et al., 2004) Katz and Sahlin (1988) states that rapid the increase in the production of lactic acid and the free H+ can be buffered by bicarbonate causing the nonmetabolic production of carbon dioxide (CO2). Consecutively the raised blood CO2 content stimulate an increased rate of ventilation causing the temporal relationship between the lactate and ventilatory thresholds (Stringer et al., 1992). Thomas et al., (2005) state that Lactate concentrations increase post exercise after NaHCO3 ingestion. This is common amongst studies testing the effects of NaHCO3. Raymer et al. (2004) suggests that at the point of fatigue, muscle [H+] does not decrease with sodium-bicarbonate ingestion. However the acidosis threshold increases, meaning that during induced alkalosis, muscle acidosis is lower at the same muscle workload. This is congruent with Cairns (2006) who stated that NaHCO3 delays onset of fatigue during anaerobic exercise. However there are potential negative side effects from taking sodium bicarbonate include severe gastrointestinal distress and nausea; this should give athletes reason to be careful before taking this potential ergogenic aid (Applegate 1999). These risks can be reduced through appropriate dosing and timing RPE and anticipation, if RPE is reduced then you should go faster How bicarb affects perceived exersion How other mechanism so regulating ph and mayb central gonenor afferent and efferent pacing algorithm However it has been suggested that NaHCO3 ingestion alone may not increase performance and other mechanisms may regulate performance for example the Central Governor model. The central governor model suggests that the brain is contently monitoring biochemical changes in the body through afferent and efferent signals and regulates them accordingly. This safety mechanism is in place to regulate and possibly stop exertion to prevent damage to the cells. This would suggest that the reason athletes are able to exert for longer is that the afferent signals such as pH levels in the muscle allow the brain to exert more without the risk of damage. Studies giving evidence for this argument include studies by Kostka Cafarelli (1982) have suggested that RPE during exercise maybe influenced through manipulation of acid-base status, suggesting that shifts in [H+] are linked to sensory processes (Renfree 2009) Ingestion of NaHCO3has been demonstrated to reduce RPE during supra lactate threshold (>LT) intensity exercise (Robertson et al 1986). This is congruent with finding from Renfree (2009) who found that Power output was higher (P Robbertson et al 1986 Applegate, E (1999). Effective nutritional ergogenic aids. International journal of nutrition. 9 (2) 229-39 Bouissou, P; Defer, G; Guezennec, C Y; Estrade, P Y; Serrurier, B (1988) Metabolic and blood catecholamine responses to exercise during alkalosis. Medicine Science in Sports Exercise, 20, (3) Cairns, S.P. (2006) Lactic acid and exercise performance. Sports Medicine 36, 279-289. concentration on the efflux of lactate from frog sartorius muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.). 250:1-22, 1975. Dan Benardot. D (2006) Advanced Sports Nutrition Fitts, R. Holloszy, J. (1976). Lactate and contractile force in frog muscle during development of fatigue and recovery. American Journal of Physiology, 231(3), 430-433. Goldfinch, J., Mc Naughton, L.R., Davies, P. (1988). Bicarbonate ingestion and its effects upon 400-m racing time. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 57, 45-48. Gollnick, P., Bayly, W. Hodgson, D. (1986). Exercise intensity, training diet, and lactate concentration in muscle and blood. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 18(3), 334-340. Gosselink. K, Linderman. J, Fahey. T (1995) Sodium Bicarbonate as an Ergogenic aid. Life Science journal, 239-250 Harrison, A. and Thompson, K. (2005) Ergogenic aids: sodium bicarbonate. Peak Performance 219, 9-10 Katz A and Sahlin K. (1988) Regulation of lactic acid production during exercise. J Appl Physiol 65: 509-518 Kostka, C., AND E.Caffarelli (1982) Effect of pH on sensation and vastus lateralis electromyogram during cycle exercise.J.App.Physiol.52(5)1181-1185. Lambert, C.P., Greenhaff, P.L., Ball., Maughan, R.J. (1993). Influence of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on plasma ammonia accumulation during incremental exercise in man. European journal of applied physiology, 66, 49-54. Lindermann, J.K., Gosselink, K.L. (1994). The effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on exercise performance, Sports Medicine, 18, 75-80. Mainwood, G.W., and D. Cechetto. The effect of bicarbonate concentration on fatigue and recovery in isolated rat diaphragm muscle. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 58:624-632, 1980. Mainwood, G.W., and P.A. Worsley-Brown. The effect of extracellular pH and buffer McArdle, W.D, Katch, F.I, Katch, V.L., (2005) Exercise Physiology, 6th edition. Baltamore: Lippincott, Williams Wilkins Mcnaughton, L.R., J. Siegler, And A. Midgley. (2008) Ergogenic Effects Of Sodium Bicarbonate. Curr. Sports Med. Rep., 7 (4) 230-236, Monedero, J. Donne, B. (2000). Effect of recovery interventions on lactate removal and subsequent performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 21, 593- 597 Montgomery, D.L, and Beaudin, P.A. (1982). Blood lactate and heart rate response of young females during gymnastic routines.J. Sports Med.22, 358-365. 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Guiliani vs Clinton :: essays papers

Guiliani vs Clinton The U.S. senate elections are right around the corner. All across the nation politicians from all parties are starting to lobby to gain support for various Senate seats. Who can run to be a Senator is outlined in the U.S. Constitution, which was written more than 200 years ago. The candidate must be over the age of 25 and must be a resident of the state he wishes to run for the Senate in. A promising candidate is Mayor Guliani. He has lived in New York most, if not all, of his life. During his 2 terms he has lowered the number of street vendors in Manhattan, has implemented stricter laws on cab drivers and increased fines for breaking certain laws; he has also decreased the sale and use of illegal fireworks by more than 95%. These are just a few of his accomplishments that have contributed to a safer and happier NYC. A "candidate" that is not as appropriate for the job of NY Senator is the First Lady, Hilary Clinton. She has lived in NY for only the past few days and has only one child that goes to college in California. During her husband's political career, she has been a strong supporter of her husband politically and personally, at least in the public’s eye. Over the past year rumors have spread of Hilary beginning an active political career, with her husband's winding to an end. During the past year the rumors have been more or less confirmed with Hilary buying a house in NY and her sudden "love" for the Yankees. Guliani's response has been to visit Hilary's former home, Arkansas, and gaining the support of its governor, who happens to be of an opposing party. The only benefit of this tactic was to mock Hilary's sudden conversions. Hilary can and probably will run for the Senate.