Transparency International, Politically Non Partisan Movement

Transparency International 1.0 Introduction Transparency International is independence, politically non-partisan movement that was created with one mission that is to take stance against corruption internationally and bring about change. It is a global movement with one mission that gives voice to witnesses and victim of abuse (Transparency International, 2015). This study guide will provide more in-depth information about the movement and its work as well as the three specific countries that are a member of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) that together combatting this corruption issues. The three countries current corruption cases and the development of the case will also going to be discussed in this study†¦show more content†¦In here, corruption can be defined as the abuse of entrusted power for private gain where, there are many forms of corruption that Transparency International fight against (Transparency International, 2015). Through the anti-corruption glossary there are 3 types o f corruption, which are: †¢ Grand Corruption: acts committed at a high level of government that distort policies, enabling leader to benefit at the expense of the public good. †¢ Petty Corruption: acts of everyday abuse of entrusted power by mid- level and low public officials during their interaction with the ordinary citizens, usually in public places like hospital, schools and other agencies. †¢ Political Corruption: Acts of manipulating policies, rules of procedure and institutions in the allocation of resources, which abuse their position to sustain power, status and wealth. This three acts of corruption have a huge negative impacts on the society, it can cost people’s live, become a major obstacle to democracy and law, depletes national wealth, makes people undermine their trust in the political system as well as environmental degradation. Therefore, due to its high level of harm to the society, Transparency International fully dedicated its non-confrontational approach and the available partnership to get all of the relevant parties to negotiate and beat the corruption through a step-by-step process (Transparency

A Study On Annan Academy s Geography Class - 1741 Words

Carlisle is the only city in Cumbria, automatically making it the administrative centre of the county. Other than administration, Carlisle has several other areas in which its activities are focused, such as tourism, shopping, and education. These areas are known as settlement functions. Functions tend to change and develop as a city grows over the years. Carlisle is a successful city, but whether or not this is due to its changing functions is debatable. Annan Academy’s Geography class went to Carlisle in September 2015 to obtain primary research data of the city’s geographical issues. Method 1 In order to figure out some of the current main functions of Carlisle, the first research method used for this report was two RICEPOTS surveys of different areas in Carlisle – the CBD (the square near the Tourist Information Centre) and the area from West Tower Street to Corporation Road. These areas were chosen to display a contrast in the land usage of two areas of Carlisle which are close together. The RICEPOTS surveys were completed by walking around the areas and annotating a map with the purpose of each building in the area. Once both maps were annotated, the information was put into a table before being compiled into a comparative bar graph (see: Graph 1). The results show that West Tower Street to Corporation Road is largely residential, with 35 terraced houses, and that the square near the Tourist Information Centre is largely commercial with 47 specialist shopsShow MoreRelatedZara Business Case15365 Words   |  62 Pages____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ HBS Professor Pankaj Ghemawat and IESE Professor Josà © Luis Nueno prepared this case. HBS cases are developed solely as the basis for class discussion. Cases are not intended to serve as endorsements, sources of primary data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective management. Copyright  © 2003 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduceRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesmigration numbers is a challenging task. Records of long-distance migration are much more readily available than of short-distance and domestic migrations. But even many long-distance moves—such as those by ship passengers not traveling in third class or steerage—were not categorized as migration. Others were not recorded at all. In some cases, authorities did not have the interest or capacity to keep semiaccurate records; in others, migrants purpose- WORLD MIGRATION IN THE LONG TWENTIETH

Report on Starbuck

Question: Write a report on "Starbuck is a United State based company". Answer: Starbuck is a United State based company founded in 1971, having a single store I Seattle. Since then, it has offered the worlds finest fresh roasted whole beans coffee. The companys mission is to inspire and nurture the human spirit one person, one cup and one neighbourhood at a time. The mission statement itself indicates that the company not only celebrate coffee and the rich tradition but also bring a feeling of connection. Presently, the company has 15000 stores around 50 countries (Wu 2013). Howard Schultz joined Starbuck as a CEO in 1982 of marketing and retail operations. The mission statement itself reflects the concern for the society by the company. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an important part of any business organization. The company tries to link the product of the company with the society in a healthy way. They try to involve in activities that keep the social environment and business healthy. Starbuck has been always successful in CSR activities. It has made the corporate strategy with special concern for CSR activities. The company has always been involved in activities that have linkage with social, environmental and economic perspectives (Wu 2013). Starbuck have succeeded in business by making the long term corporate strategy inclined with its CSR activities. It has developed innovative ways of producing, distributing and reaching customers to reduce the damages caused to the environment. The company has provided value-based services to its customers without causing damage to the society and environment. The concern of Starbuck to CSR activity was mainly to connect its product with the society and touch the heart of the people by taking care of their health through CSR activity. Starbuck sells coffee, which is generally a drink that touches the heart and mind of a person. It brings the energy back in them and influences their living style. Active sale of such a product is possible only if the product is close to ones heart. Starbuck have understood it and connected its corporate strategy with the CSR activity to give more practical approach to its product. Starbuck has a created CSR department at the end of 1999 which is specia lly concerned with the activities that has less impact on the environment, that gives more support to the employees, customers and communities (Busch and Moreno 2014). In 1992, Starbuck has introduced a mission statement for the environment to clearly state the companys goals and objectives regarding the environment To follow the guidelines for protecting environment, Starbucks started reducing waste by adopting the process of recycling, energy conservation and propagating green team initiatives to educate its partners towards protecting environment. Further the company has tried to innovate a new way of producing disposable cups so that it can be entirely decomposed. It has introduced a plastic cup that can be used for 30 times and has thus reduced the deposition of 4 billion cups into the environment (Weiss 2014). Starbuck was concerned with CSR in its overall corporate strategy because it wanted to touch the heart of the common people as it was selling the product of a common people. Further the company had to develop its link with the farmers to obtain high quality coffee beans. The linkage can be better developed by showing concern for the farmer community who were more in need of social development. In this regard, the company has tried to build positive relationship with small coffee suppliers by setting Starbucks Coffee and Farmer Equity Practices (CAF) that gives a guideline for the buyers to be socially responsible and ensures preferential status of buying. Starbucks take care of it coffee farmers and pay them premium prices so that they can make profit and support their families in a better way (Weiss 2014). Linking of corporate strategy to CSR activity can also be seen by the companys involvement in social development program such as building of health clinics, schools and other infrastructure that helps the coffee growers to life a better and productive life.. In this way, the company has earned the trust and honesty of the coffee growers and assured the good quality coffee seeds. The company has also tried to support the farmers by providing farmer support centres which gives technical support and training to them so that high quality coffee seeds can be produced. Starbuck has also donated huge amount of loans to the farmers and to the farmer support programs to ensure production of high quality coffee beans. Through such activity, company is achieving twin objective, first satisfying its mission and earning high profit with providing quality product to the customer and second, meeting the CSR need by being socially responsible (Turban et al. 2016). Further, Starbuck has attached itself with CARE, which is a worldwide development and relief foundation, to help the coffee origin countries with donations. The company has invested in projects like health and sanitation, clean water system, literacy efforts and other projects for the welfare of the farmers of the society. In this way, the company is meeting its long term goal of getting quality coffee beans at a lesser price and creating the customer market for good quality coffee by helping the country to improve the standard of living of the people (Shaw 2016). The company has also taken proactive measures to enhance employability in United States by partnering with the government to establish Create job program for USA people. Through the program, funds are provided to Community Development Financial Institutions that further provide funds to housing projects, community centres, small businesses and other projects that enhance the productivity of the country and helps in growth and development (Busch and Moreno 2014). Hence Starbuck strategy of linking CSR with corporate policies has been a prudent step towards attaining long term goals of success and development (Tu 2012). No, Starbucks is not unique in providing high level of benefits to its employees. There are many more well established companies that provide similar high quality benefits to its employees, such as Google, Costco, Face book, Adobe, Epic Systems, Intuit, USAA, Chevron, Salesforce.com, Monsanto, Genentech and several other companies (Busch and Moreno 2014). Starbuck have always considered maintaining a good work environment in the office. The company believes in valuing its workers and give top priority to establish good working environment. Starbuck has provided one of the best health care facilities to its employees. The company believes in providing a work environment where the company and the employees share their vision and contribute effectively for the welfare of the company as well as for the employees. Howard Shultz, the CEO of the company was the first person to admit personal interactions in the company centres. He believed that they are in people business serving coffee and not in coffee business serving people (Stinson 2014). Health of the employees has been one of the priority areas of concern by the company. One of the best health insurance has been provided by the company to the employees. The company has established a program called Thrive Wellness for the employees. It offers several ways and resources to assist the employees in bringing wellness in their lives. It is done through several programs on weight loss, exercise, smoking cessation and other similar programs that help the employees to incorporate wellness in their lives. Starbuck has excelled its relation with the employees and has become a role model for the industry of fast food with respect of employee benefits (Servaes and Tamayo 2013). Providing good benefits to the employees is the key to sustain good employees with the company that will always make the company climb the trajectory of growth and development. Many organizations make policies that do not provide much benefit to the employees. According to them, there organization cannot afford to provide high class benefit to the employees because of their scale of production. However, they fail to realize that if they are unable to retain good employees due to lack of good employee benefit program then the company growth may touch the bottom line and they may go backward in their growth process. Hence providing employees benefit is always recommended by the big companies as in long run, it will take the company to the path of growth and development (Sebhatu and Enquist 2014). Besides the scheme of health insurance there are other schemes which are desired by the employees. They are retirement plan, disability insurance, and others. The employee benefit schemes make the employees more productive and efficient. When the employees are happy and satisfied, they work more efficiently and the company gains from their work. According to the law, the organization should provide the basic benefits to the employees. Some of the basic benefits are workers compensation requirement should be met Retirement plans, life insurance plans, health insurance plans sick leave benefits, earned leave benefits and casual leave should be provided to the employees. In todays competitive world most of the benefits are provided by the good companies to retain good employees. The companies who do not provide the benefits have large attrition rates and is not able to retain good employees (Preuss 2013). According to United State Law, there is a Federal Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) which allows the employees to go for 12 week off to attend to the serious conditions of health of any family member or of the employees. In some states the employers above 50 should be given benefits under the family and medical leave act. However in some states the organization need to give benefit to only few employees (Pedersen 2015). Starbucks has been operating in more than 70 countries across the world. Every country law system has some laws to protect the employees benefits in an organization. Starbucks has maintained the laws in each country and has given the best of the employee benefits scheme to its employees. The company treats its employees as partners. It provides them total pay package called as Your special blend which is tailored made according to the requirement of the employees. The employees get all the benefits and wide range of perks and assistance. The special blend includes health coverage for the dependents and also for the domestic partners, bonuses and discounted stock purchase options (Schneider and Schmidpeter 2012). Starbuck also provides its partners an opportunity to complete his education and attaining the university degree with the reimbursement of the tuition fees by the company. For military service members, this benefit was extended for their children and spouse. Starbuck operates in large number of countries which are different in their culture and values. The company has been able to successfully establish its unit with satisfied employees by adopting the policy of diversity and inclusion. The company aims to built a diverse workforce, develop a diverse network of suppliers, shape the culture of inclusion and increase its competencies. All this is achieved by satisfying the employees of different cultural in terms of the benefits provided by the company and customised the benefits according to the countrys culture (Michelli 2013). The company believes in the policy of inclusion by providing inclusive growth to the employees through investing in programs for the growth and development of the employees. Starbuck is one of those companies whose growth and success stories are linked with the performance and contribution of its partners and employees. The company has always given priority to its employees growth which has indirectly brought growth to the company. The secret of its success in every country and great brand value is the trustworthy employees whose sincerity and hard work are earned by the company by providing them all the benefits that the employees desires and required. However, its not the only company that has provided the best of the benefit to the employees, but all big and successful companies believes in keeping their employees happy so that they give their best to the company and the company give them the best of the benefits (Madhani 2015). Starbuck is one of those successful companies which has experienced the taste of success not alone but along with its employees, customers and suppliers. The company has believed in providing the benefits of success to its employees in the form of employee benefit schemes, to its customers in the form of best quality products and services at the reasonable price and to its suppliers, by giving them best of the deal and keep them happy so that they do not go to the competitors and spoils the relationship with Starbuck (Ling 2014). Starbuck has not only acted in a responsible manner towards the society by including CSR activity in its process of production but also have been ethical in its business practices. Along with this, the company has provided best of the products to the customer and has provided the pollution free environment for the customers. Hence, the success of Starbuck is not confined to any one of its policies but is the result of all the combination of its policies towards environment, employees, customers and suppliers (Korschun et al. 2014). Starbuck has started back in 1970s with one store in Seattle but today it owns more than 15000 stores in more than 70 countries. Such a success cannot be achieved without a long vision for success. The company has always given importance to its customers, employees, society and environment (Gerhardt et al. 2015) The shop of Starbucks is always located at places where it can attract a huge number of crowds. The company believes in giving local donations to pull the customers in Starbucks. The donations are given for the benefits of the society and for the wellbeing of the inhabitants. They generally donate according to the requirement of the country. In some country like Africa, the company has donated the money for increasing the education facilities because it believes that literacy has the power to create hope for the underprivileged children. It has given enough fund for social development and for the benefits of the under privileged children. The CEO of the company, Schultz, has used the royalties from the book written by him, to develop a foundation that has provided grants to non-profit literacy group, has sponsored the young writers and organized programs for helping underprivileged children with educational expenses (George and Anandkumar 2015). The company has taken several proactive measures to remove unemployment problem in the United States by providing unemployment funds to the government for helping the unemployed with new jobs and some earnings. Along with its role towards society welfare, the success behind the company is also its prudence relation with its competitors. It has developed several more products like accessories of coffee, such as water, tea, muffins, buns, cakes and other products. To maintain its competitive advantage in the market, the company has done several acquisitions of small companies, like, Bay Bread, a small bakery shop, Evolution fresh, a juice brand, La Boulanga, a bakery brand and others. The company has also started offering good quality of sandwiches and wraps for the customers along with the expresso coffee for quick breakfast (Gavin 2013). Further, Starbuck has also taken care of its brand value by giving its logo a new look. Initially, the logo of Starbuck reflected that the company only sells coffee but later it has changed its logo to pass the message to the customers, that along with coffee, other items are also kept. The working of brand value is vital for reaching the customers heart along with the policies of the company (Chua and Banerjee 2013). The company has always tried to satisfy the customer along with its social and ethical roles. It upgraded its coffee brewing machine and introduced several drinks and food items for budget conscious people and health conscious people. The company always focused on its core product, i.e. coffee. It produced several varieties of coffee and innovated different flavours and taste of coffee. Further, the company has tried taking care of the health of the buyers by controlling the amount of calories in the product. It shows the companys concern for the problem of obesity. The company also focused on the quality of coffee and the environment of the shops where coffee are to be provided. It has always tried to keep the atmosphere cosy and cool so that the customer does not only take coffee in the shop but also spend some leisure time for relaxing from the pressure of work. The company also provided free internet service in their stores for the customers. These are some of the strategy of the company along with the main strategy of CSR activities, business ethics and environmental protection (Cheng et al. 2014). The company has achieved immense growth and has brought financial success to its shareholders. Along with other roles of Starbucks, it has always thought of maximising Shareholders wealth and not the companys wealth. It is one of the known strategies of a successful corporate to propagate the maximization of Shareholders Wealth which if achieved, will automatically maximise companys wealth. The company has built its reputation and goodwill due to the quality of its product. However, it does face criticism that it has pushed other coffee companies out of the market. The company has a large international market that gets affected during recession time. The company always tries to hold the market share during recession by meeting the exact needs of the customer and let the customer be fully satisfied to come back in its shop (Aiello and Dickinson 2014). Starbuck success story is not limited to its social and ethical values. Neither it is limited to its practices in favour of environment. It has many other folds, like its treatment to the customer, suppliers and its steps towards protection of environment. Further, the strategy towards designing of the logo, towards the maximization of share holders wealth and other related areas have together brought success to the company (Busch and Moreno 2014). References Aiello, G. and Dickinson, G., 2014. Beyond authenticity: a visual-material analysis of locality in the global redesign of Starbucks stores. Visual Communication, 13(3), pp.303-321. Busch, W. and Moreno, J.P., 2014. Banks New Competitors: Starbucks, Google, and Alibaba. Harvard Business Review. Cheng, B., Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G., 2014. Corporate social responsibility and access to finance. Strategic Management Journal, 35(1), pp.1-23. Chua, A.Y. and Banerjee, S., 2013. Customer knowledge management via social media: the case of Starbucks. Journal of Knowledge Management, 17(2), pp.237-249. Gavin, D., 2013. Starbucks Exceptionalism: An Institutional Ethnographic Exploration of Coffee Culture in America. Journal of Psychological Issues in Organizational Culture, 4(3), pp.44-58. George, J. and Anandkumar, V., 2015. Branding in China: Lessons from the Foreign Brand Success and Failure Stories. Available at SSRN 2695066. Gerhardt, S., Hazen, S., Lewis, S. and Hall, R., 2015. Entrepreneur Options:" Franchising" vs." Licensing"(Mcdonald's vs. Starbucks and Chick-Fil-A). ASBBS E-Journal, 11(1), p.80. Korschun, D., Bhattacharya, C.B. and Swain, S.D., 2014. Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees. Journal of Marketing, 78(3), pp.20-37. Ling, L.W., 2014. A Study on the Successful Strategies (Strategic Management and Marketing Strategies) of Starbucks Hong Kong: A Case Study. Madhani, P.M., 2015. Optimal Compensation Management: An Organizational Culture Perspective. Michelli, J., 2013. Leading the Starbucks Way: 5 Principles for Connecting with Your Customers, Your Products and Your People. McGraw Hill Professional. Pedersen, E.R.G. ed., 2015. Corporate social responsibility. Sage. Preuss, L., 2013. Corporate social responsibility. In Encyclopedia of corporate social responsibility (pp. 579-587). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Schneider, A. and Schmidpeter, R., 2012. Corporate social responsibility. Verantwortliche Unternehmensfhrung in der Praxis, Berlin ua. Sebhatu, S.P. and Enquist, B., 2014. Are Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility having a role for sustainable Service Business?: An explorative study of IKEA, Starbucks and H M. In The 17th QMOD conference, September 3-5, Prague Tjeckien. Servaes, H. and Tamayo, A., 2013. The impact of corporate social responsibility on firm value: The role of customer awareness. Management Science, 59(5), pp.1045-1061. Shaw, W., 2016. Business ethics: A textbook with cases. Cengage Learning. Stinson, L., 2014. With Stunning New Stores, Starbucks Has a New Design Strategy: Act Local. Wired, January, 8. Tu, Y.T., Wang, C.M. and Chang, H.C., 2012. Corporate brand image and customer satisfaction on loyalty: An empirical study of Starbucks Coffee in Taiwan. Journal of Social and Development Sciences, 3(1), pp.24-32. Turban, E., Strauss, J. and Lai, L., 2016. Introduction to Social Commerce. In Social Commerce (pp. 3-22). Springer International Publishing. Weiss, J.W., 2014. Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Wu, C.L., 2013. The Research of Brand Image, Experiential Marketing, Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty-Example of Starbucks Coffee.

Physical therapy (Differential Diagnosis)

Questions: 1. How would you have assessed this patient's supposed low back muscle strain to confirm this was the cause or origin of the patient's extreme low back and right flank pain, with the patient unable to tolerate a reassessment? 2. Based upon this patient's extensive medical history, would you suspect possible renal involvement? If so what might be the likely cause?3. Are there clinical signs or symptoms that could differentiate flank or back pain coming from an upper urinary infection verses that of pain from cystitis or urethritis complications? 4. Do you think that pain in the low back and radiating around the front lower abdominal quadrant could have been caused solely by referred pain from the renal system? List and discuss other possibilities. 5. Identify an impairment, activity limitation, and participation restriction for this patient. Additional questions: Please refer to chapter readings. 6. What may be the first symptom of prostate cancer in a male? 7. List and discuss at lea st four of the eight other causes described in chapter 10 for incontinence (worth 4 points). 8. Renal pain is typically felt in two regions of the body. Describe where the two regions are. According to your textbook, how is renal pain typically described? 9. How does a physical therapist screen for possible prostate involvement in a man with back pain of unknown causes? Answers: 1. There are symptoms which are similar to low back strain (Hoy et al., 2014). The pain in the patient is localized in the lower back it may arise due to some serious illness. Here are the symptoms which are a weakness in the leg. Incontinence or inability to control flow of urine is a symptom which the patient is facing now. The patient was finding it difficult on standing or walking. There is stiffness in the back which is evident by the inability of the patient to move. 2. There is a possibility of kidney involvement in this patient. As the patient is diabetic (type II) for 11 years it is possible nephrosclerosis that is hardening of small blood vessel in the kidney. According to Yale et al., (2013) patient is initially diagnosed with high blood pressure. Patient with hypertensive nephrosclerosis can lead to end-stage renal disease. Patient with type 2 diabetes can also suffer from kidney failure in later stage. Patient also has a history of kidney stone which is also supported by the right flank pain after the physical therapy. Finally, the X-ray report did not reveal any cause. 3. Cystitis refers to the inflammation of urinary bladder especially the bladder wall (Conover et al., 2014). This is a kind of lower urinary tract infection. Lower urinary tract is composed of bladder and urethra. Though it can happen in both the sex, it is more prevalent among females. Lower urinary tract infection or cystitis or urethritis is pain is characterized by burning pain during urination. Urethritis is caused by bacterial infection. Upper urinary tract comprises of kidney and ureter. In case of upper urinary tract infection, the pain and tenderness are found on upper back and sides. 4. Low back pain and radiating pain in right lower abdominal quadrant may be due to causes other than referred pain of renal system (Tozzi et al., 2012). As the patient is male in this, we can exclude the other causes which have the similar kind of pain like ectopic pregnancy and cysts in the right ovary. The right abdominal pain may be due to an inflamed appendix which is the most common cause of such type of pain. In this case, pain became more intense with time and tenderness on touching is an indication of inflamed appendix. Constipation is another possibility that can lead pain in low back and radiating pain in right lower abdomen. 5. A difficulty in body function or structure is called impairment. In this scenario the patient movement is restricted within 10 feet due to shortness of breath identifies an impairment of pulmonary function. Activityis defined as the execution of a task or action by an individual. When an individual execute a task or action it can be called as activity. When a person is unable to do that activity personally it is activity limitation. The patient became dependent for rolling, lying face upward and standing which identifies the activity limitation. Patient planned to return home and join family after physical therapy, but he was unable to do so as the condition deteriorate. This identifies the participation restriction for this patient. 6. First symptom of prostate cancer in male: Prostate is located adjacent to urinary bladder. It is not essential that everyone will face the experience the symptoms of prostate cancer (Moyer, 2012). Detection of sign occurs mostly at the time of routine doctor visit. The early symptoms include: Frequent urge for urination at night. Difficulty in urination and holding it back. Burning sensation during urination. Difficulty in getting an erection and ejaculation. Presence of blood in urine. Pain in hips and legs. 7. Causes of incontinence: Urinary is the leakage of urine without intention. By losing the voluntary control of muscle involved in holding the urine in bladder patient develop incontinence. Urge Incontinence: Urge incontinence is most prevalent in older patient. The characteristic of urge incontinence is leakage of urine. Interstitial cystitis, spinal cord injury are also considered as cause of urinary urge incontinence. Old age: Strength of muscle in bladder and urethra decrease with age and urge for urination increases with time which cause in incontinence. Pelvic floor muscle exercise are generally recommended for those who have renal incontinence. Overflow: Old age men often suffer from prostate gland problem. Enlarged prostate often creates an obstruction due to which patient never can urinate fully. In some patient, it has been found that they continuously trickle. Stress: Women after pregnancy or after menopause face this problem. This problem happens in women due to insufficient estrogen and muscular atrophy. People who have undergone prostate surgery or suffering from enlarged prostate can also build up this problem. 8. Localization of kidney pain is difficult exactly as kidney is retroperitoneal organ. Most of the time kidney pain diffuse or radiate from the site of origin (Walsh Sarria 2012). Kidney pain is located in right and left upper quadrant of body. Right upper quadrant is right upper abdominal region. Lower right part of the ribcage protects this organ. Left upper quadrant is the left upper abdominal region. Description of renal pain: According to Becquemont et al., (2015), kidney pain is defined as pain arising from kidney due to infection, inflammation or physical injury. Kidney pain is typically characterized by dull, single sided pain in upper quadrant of the body. Fever and urinary symptoms may accompany with pain. 9. Screening for possible prostate involvement in a man with back pain of unknown cause by a physiotherapist: As discussed by Van Kampen et al., (2015) back pain may be due to various causes. It may due to fracture, cancer or neurological disorders or it may be due to infection. To find out the prostate involvement physiotherapist may follow this steps: Functional tests- which demonstrates the pain-provoking movement. Movement testing like ROM, repeated movement. Neurological assessments - myotomes and dermatomes. Circulatory assessment- performing a hemodynamic assessment. References: Becquemont, L., Bauduceau, B., Benattarà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Zibi, L., Berrut, G., Bertin, P., Bucher, S., ... Doucet, J. (2015). Association between Cardiovascular Drugs and Chronic Kidney Disease in Nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Institutionalized Elderly Patients.Basic clinical pharmacology toxicology,117(2), 137-143. Conover, M. S., Hibbing, M. E., Hultgren, S. (2014). Introduction to Urinary Tract Infections.Metabolism of Human Diseases: Organ Physiology and Pathophysiology, 357. Hoy, D., March, L., Brooks, P., Blyth, F., Woolf, A., Bain, C., ... Murray, C. (2014). The global burden of low back pain: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study.Annals of the rheumatic diseases, annrheumdis-2013. Moyer, V. A. (2012). Screening for prostate cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.Annals of internal medicine,157(2), 120-134. Tozzi, P., Bongiorno, D., Vitturini, C. (2012). Low back pain and kidney mobility: local osteopathic fascial manipulation decreases pain perception and improves renal mobility.Journal of Bodywork and Movement therapies,16(3), 381-391. Van Kampen, M., Geraerts, I. (2015). Evidence for pelvic floor physiotherapy in men. Walsh, N., Sarria, J. E. (2012). Management of chronic pain in a patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease by sequential celiac plexus blockade, radiofrequency ablation, and spinal cord stimulation.American Journal of Kidney Diseases,59(6), 858-861. Yale, J. F., Bakris, G., Cariou, B., Yue, D., Davidà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Neto, E., Xi, L., ... Meininger, G. (2013). Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in subjects with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease.Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism,15(5), 463-473.

Using a Sample Introduction to Extended Essay History Worksheet

Using a Sample Introduction to Extended Essay History WorksheetA sample introduction to extended essay history worksheet is an excellent way to prepare yourself for the type of essay that you will be required to write. Even if you are not going to be asked to write an essay on history or a specific topic, an introduction to extended essay history worksheet can help you develop your own style and improve your understanding of the essay form.The introduction to extended essay history, or the essay, usually follows the introduction. The introduction usually begins with a quote that summarizes the main points of the piece. The quote can then be followed by an explanation of what the main points of the essay are.The sample introduction to extended essay history also includes questions. The essay may contain multiple answers, which makes it possible for the writer to choose which one to use at any time during the essay. The sample is also helpful because it gives the writer a chance to cho ose the best answer.The essay history worksheet can help the student choose which answer is most suitable for the piece. The essay history worksheet helps the student develop their own style of writing an essay. For example, if the writer chooses to use the quote 'Society is constantly changing' as the opening line of the essay, they will be given an essay on the evolution of society. If the writer chooses to use 'The society changes every day,' they will be given an essay on daily life in modern society.The essay history worksheet gives the writer a chance to develop their own style. In addition, the writer is allowed to add extra information that helps to add meaning to the piece. This helps to make the piece more meaningful. It allows the writer to develop their own style of writing an essay.The essay history worksheet also gives the writer a chance to use different words. The writer can use any word that they like in the beginning of the essay. However, they cannot use that same word more than once in the essay. If they do, they have to choose between using the word again or using another one.The essay history worksheet is very useful for improving your knowledge of the essay. If you are asked to write an essay on history, the writer can use the worksheet to help them decide how they should use certain words in their essay. It also helps the writer to learn the proper length for their essay, by providing them with a guideline for writing the essay.The essay history worksheet is also useful for students. The writer can work on the worksheet during breaks from class or during the lunch period. It allows the writer to choose whether or not they want to use the worksheet during class time.

Implications of Poverty on Global Health and Research Methodologies Available To Medical Anthropologists

Implications of poverty on global health Poverty has been identified to exist in most if not all countries around the world. Inequality between the poor and the wealthy has been growing and at an alarming rate and inadvertently putting a strain on global health issues. A report by Shah (2009) indicates that eighty percent of the world population is dependent on less than ten dollars a day (Par2).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Implications of Poverty on Global Health and Research Methodologies Available To Medical Anthropologists specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Infant mortality rates plague most nations. The fact that a pregnant mother cannot access the proper diet and viable health facilities makes many children end up not reaching the age of five. A study conducted by UNEP (2006) shows that twenty five thousand children die each day when they contract easily preventable diseases and complications. These death s are mainly concentrated in the poorest regions mainly sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia accounting for approximately seven and a half million deaths in2006.Little progress has been shown to exist if one is to compare the late nineties and into the twenty first century but a lot still needs to be done to avert this catastrophe. Children need to be given the right type of healthcare and food security to diminish this trend. Malnutrition is another factor that has been attributed to poverty. With most people living below the poverty line (living below $1.25 a day) most families find it difficult if not impossible to meet their daily food requirements and in turn ill health is prevalent. This is another indicator that poverty eradication measures need to be effected .This has not taken place. Instead most poverty stricken countries opt for food aid a solution that is both temporal and ineffective. In the end starving citizenry end up thronging an already over extended health system th at is not able to cater for their needs (Chan, 2003, par4). A viable health system with proper equipment and qualified personnel is difficult to set up for most countries. This has negatively impacted health globally. Viable systems are only available to the wealthy while the poor are forced to contend with scarce facilities and them being the majority end up not accessing the right quality of health care. 1.4 billion people live below the poverty line according to Shah (2009), with this in mind one can only realize the enormity of the situation if this people need to access the right kind of health care (par3).Advertising Looking for essay on healthcare? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The poor bear the biggest burden when it comes to ignorance and inaccessibility of the right information. This in turn means they end up losing out on health issues that are pertinent in maintaining their health. In instances of tobacco use thi s has been on the rise with figures on the rise to about thirteen hundred million smokers presently. In cases of tobacco related complications most countries are forced to put up viable health systems that would be able to cater for this. With the poor not being able to access this health systems one would expect that they would be able easily acquire the right information be it the ingredients of the cigarette or the complications that arise from its use. It is therefore necessary that the governments take up necessary steps so as to reverse this poverty and inequality problems. This will help a great deal in improving the global health issues (Chan, 2003, par3). Research methodology available to medical anthropologists There exist different methods that a researcher may use. First are Cross sectional studies. This involves taking a small part of a population or a cross section of the population and finding out how a certain phenomenon affects as at that time of that study. It is n ot expensive to undertake and allows the researcher to instigate contact with the respondents. This method can be used where one wants to find out an attitude of people in a certain area (Research methodology for global impact fellows, 2001, par2). Longitudinal studies on the other hand involve the researcher following the subject of their study for days, months or even years for results. Most of this research are considered observational and at that do not manipulate variables being studied. Other research methodologies as shown by the research methodology for global impact fellows (2001) include undertaking sampling. In this category there are random sampling where one uses a random generator to choose participants in the sampled group .There is also systematic sampling where one uses a given nth variable to locate the samples. Convenience sampling involves systematic looking for certain characteristics in a participant that are both accessible and suited for the research (Frater, J. (2010, p4).Interviews and surveys are also carried out in this method. For example searching for participants who are well versed in a certain community’s culture and traditions one may opt for convenience sampling References Chan, M., (Feb. 2003). Health, poverty and human rights. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Implications of Poverty on Global Health and Research Methodologies Available To Medical Anthropologists specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Frater, J. (2010). Characterization of the immune response in AIDS. Immunology. Research methodology for global impact fellows, (2001). Unite For Sight. Retrieved from http://www.uniteforsight.org/research-methodology/ Shah A. (March, 2009). Poverty and facts. Retrieved from http://www.globalissues.org/article/26/poverty-facts-and-stats Shah A. (March, 2009). Today over 25,000childrendied around the world. Retrieved from http://www.globalissues.org/art icle/715/today-21000-children-died-around-the-world This essay on Implications of Poverty on Global Health and Research Methodologies Available To Medical Anthropologists was written and submitted by user Emelia Nolan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Women in the Development of Science Essay

Women in the Development of Science Essay The Role of Women in the Development of Science, Engineering, Technology Sectors Essay The Role of Women in the Development of Science, Engineering, Technology Sectors Essay The gender inequality in science, engineering, and technology fields has been a contentious topic among social scientists, lawyers, and feminists for decades. Despite their limited entry to the areas of science and technology, women have had significant roles to play in these fields. The majority of females who have had a significant impact on science and technology have been advocating for equal opportunities and for a smoother entry into these areas. Contrariwise, technological change has had both negative and positive influences on the roles of women in the development of science and technology. Regardless of that, bearing in mind that more women are earning degrees in science and technology than men are, the future advancement of the two fields depends on the contributions of females and their longevity in the scientific careers. Gender Differences in Science and Technology Fields For decades, numerous studies have been conducted in an attempt to explain the imbalance between men and women in science, engineering, and technology fields. Social scientists have studied the variances while lawyers have endeavored to fix the imbalance. Post-feminist society, on the other hand, seems to have come to terms with this fact. Nonetheless, men still outnumber women in science, engineering, and technology fields. In recent years, most blatant discrimination against women in engineering and technology fields has been diminished through academic, legal, and government measures. However, an atmosphere that is at least less than entirely friendly to women is yet to be realized, and its consistency is largely taken for granted. The percentage of females attaining doctorate degrees in engineering and technology fields has increased marginally in recent years. According to the National Science Foundation report, in 2003 women comprised just below one-third of doctorate degrees in science, while the engineering sector had just below one-tenth of doctorates awarded to females (Rossiter, 2012, p. 375). Yet, few women hold the top-level faculty spots. The National Science Foundation reveals that in 1972 women made up approximately 3 percent of full-time professors in engineering and technology fields; this figure has risen to 10 percent in less than three decades (Rossiter, 2012, p. 376). Roles Played by Women in the Development of Science and Technology Fields The science and technology sectors could not have attained their achievements with the exclusion of the contributions made by women. While their impact has been undeniably significant, it is necessary to highlight concrete examples of the contributions of females in these sectors. Jewel Plummer Cobb and Grace Murray Hopper are case examples worth to be mentioned. Jewel Plummer Cobb As a groundbreaking cancer researcher, cell biologist, and a brilliant professor, Jewel Plummer Cobb has had an unquestionable impact on the scientific community. Her research on skin cells that create melanin has reached its culmination when she has shown how the cells develop into cancerous cells (Ceci Williams, 2010, p. 7). Additionally, she has been in the forefront of campaigns for equal access to professional opportunities and education for women and minorities. Even with personal challenges such as increased sexism and racism Jewel Plummer Cobb has always been committed to utilizing her success for inspiring women to undertake the fields of science, mathematics, and engineering (Ceci Williams, 2010, p. 7). In the course of her professional life, Jewel Plummer Cobb worked determinedly to improve opportunities for women to venture into traditionally male-dominated occupations. Of course, there were monetary challenges, but she would turn to private sources for funds. Regardless of the obstacles she faced, she never deviated from her convictions that equal education was vital to a fruitful and independent life (Ceci Williams, 2010, p. 8). The woman believed that the hindrances that females face in the academic system were encouraged by cumulative disadvantage factors that prevented other women from careers in science, engineering, and technology fields. Jewel Plummer Cobb identified several aspects as deterrents to women in their advancing in male-dominated careers. They were the variance in socialization of the two sexes, weakened self-confidence, and hopes regarding the influence of children on womens educational careers (Ceci Williams, 2010, p. 8). Grace Murray Hopper Grace Murray Hopper is known for achieving great heights as a woman and an innovator in the technology sector. Having attained a PhD degree in math, her academic achievements were already a rarity among women in the 1930s. In fact, statistics reveals that during the period since 1862 to 1934, a mere 1,279 PhDs in math were awarded (â€Å"Grace Murray Hopper†, n.d.). Grace Murray Hopper joined the women volunteer service, which was headed by the Naval Reserve, where she aided in designing a machine that would compute complicated calculations for the military at war. Her dedication to the task helped her team build the first programmable digital computer (â€Å"Grace Murray Hopper†, n.d.). After the war, she worked on several projects with key innovators such as the developers of ENIAC, one of the first computers ever created. Her ingenuity helped develop the first computer that used punch cards and the first programming language to incorporate English words (â€Å"Grace Murray Hopper†, n.d.). In the developing world, women have also assumed vital roles in the development of science, technology, and engineering sectors. Lydia Makhubu, for instance, the leader of the Third World Organization for Women in Science and a vice-chancellor of the University of Swaziland, insists that females have to play a pivotal role in shaping of the policies for sustainable development in the changing world (Dickson, 2002). Women have customarily been involved in health, energy, and food production industries, which are the focus of development. Due to their intimacy with the family, females have an exceptional attitude to science and its relevance, which highlights the human element of science and technology, as well as its importance in empowering humankind (Dickson, 2002). According to Makhubu, the majority of women choosing scientific careers opt for life sciences (Dickson, 2002). The move should be deemed a strong and encouraging action considering the issues of the developing world. She also highlighted that women have been actively involved in dissemination of culture, taking into account their intimate devotion to the education of children. As a result, females have been significant transmitters of norms and values across generations (Dickson, 2002). Due to their success in other fields, women ought to be in the frontline of the incorporation of culture and science, as well as in creating policies for research, and building a future where human needs form a harmonious foundation for scientific and technological endeavors. There is, thus, a need to reevaluate the relevance of females in the technological and scientific enterprises. This is the only way to achieve feasible sustainable development strategies, according to Makhubu (Dickson, 2002). Importance of Women in the Development of Science and Technology Fields In a 2015 discussion on involving more women in the fields of science and technology for significant growth in Africa, Ayodotun Bobadoye, a Research Officer at the African Technology Policy Study Network, reviewed the overlooked state of science and technology in Africa (â€Å"Engaging Women for Africas Future: The Role of Women in Science, Technology, and Innovation†, 2015). He asserted that approximately 0.4% of GDP in Africa was dedicated to research and development activities, ranking the continent the underdog in research output, numbers of researchers, and the number of registered patents and publications worldwide (â€Å"Engaging Women for Africas Future: The Role of Women in Science, Technology, and Innovation†, 2015). According to Bobadoye, the African Union Strategy for Science, Technology, and Innovation Development is profoundly flawed in its disregard for marginalized groups such as women, despite the fact they make up more than a half of Africa’s po pulation (â€Å"Engaging Women for Africas Future: The Role of Women in Science, Technology, and Innovation†, 2015). For growth initiatives to flourish, they must include women. Bobadoye proposed various ways to increase female’s involvement in science and technology sectors. First of the proposals includes mainstreaming women into science and technology strategies and policies. Secondly, one can enhance the participation of females by expanding access of young women to scientific education at all levels. Additionally, one can raise awareness of the impact of women on science and technology sectors and ensure ample female representation in policy-making endeavors. Moreover, one can create a universal hub of female scientists that would help in mentorship programs (â€Å"Engaging Women for Africas Future: The Role of Women in Science, Technology, and Innovation†, 2015). Effects of Technological Change on Roles of Women and Ideas of Gender In the last three decades, there has been an impressive rise in the number of women earning degrees in engineering, science, and technology disciplines. The growth tends to conceal other characteristics of the science and technology workforce demography. For instance, it masks the decrease in the number of white US men in the fields over recent decades despite they had been dominating the engineering, science, and technology workforce in the United States. However, by trying to balance the numbers, women are now earning more master’s degrees than men. A 2007 National Science Foundation report affirms that in 2004, US women earned approximately 58 percent of all bachelor’s degrees and 59 percent of all master’s degrees in all fields (Laurence, 2010, p. 4). In 2000, US females earned more bachelor’s degrees in science and engineering fields than men did, although they earned nearly 44 percent of the master’s degrees in the same fields. In 2004, US women received approximately 61 percent of PhD degrees in sectors other than science and engineering while receiving roughly 45 percent of PhD in science and engineering (Laurence, 2010, p. 5). The majority of the women who receive PhD in science leave right after they commence with academic employment. They exit the workforce due to certain obstacles that prevent them from continuing in the field or from realizing their full potential as professionals. While some of the barriers are new, Rosser documents that obstacles from three decades ago still linger, but taking the form of different, behavior, language, and structure (Rosser, 2004). The answer to the question why women exit the science, engineering, and technology workforce is not genetic nature or a lack of interest; otherwise, female students would underachieve their male colleagues in colleges. Existing data reveals the contrary: women outdo men in academics and graduate at a higher rate, while having a better attitude towards studies (Jhon, Lee S, Lee K, 2006, p. 124). Statistical research and case studies concerning those two critical factors are noticeable among the various forces driving women to exit the science, engineering, and technology workforce: the requirement to balance family and career and the lack of proficient networks (Jhon et al., 2006, p. 124). Marriage and family come with responsibilities that can shorten a flourishing career of both men and female engineers and scientists. J. Scott Long, a sociologist and statistician, argues in his book that single men and women contribute equally to the science, engineering, and technology workforce (Long, 2001, p. 26). However, a married female with a PhD has a 13 percent less chance of being employed than a married man with equivalent credentials (Long, 2001, p. 26). Moreover, if the woman has young children, she stands a 30 percent less chance of being employed than a single man (Long, 2001, p. 26). Females’ biological nature is often a cause of the dwindling numbers of qualified women in the workforce. Numerous studies documented women’s tussle to balance family and career life. In a 2004 survey conducted by Rosser, for instance, reveals that of the 450 female engineers and scientists working in research universities, over 70 percent mentioned the mounting pressure they had in trying to strike the balance between family and career (Rosser, 2004). They further admitted that this was their primary challenge faced towards attaining professional advancement (Rosser, 2004). Today’s technology has, on the one hand, eased the pressures faced by women in science, engineering, and technology sectors, while, on the other hand, even worsened the situation. Many higher education institutions are revising and improving their policies in response to the global focus on women’s involvement in science, as well as the shortages in science, engineering, and technology workforce due to the security measures launched after September 11, 2001 (Rossiter, 2012, p. 379). The security measures made it hard for skilled non-US workers to acquire US visas. To attract and retain more women to high-tech entrepreneurship and science, there is the need to transform the culture of science and technology into a more family-friendly and inviting venture. Owing to technological advancements, science, engineering, and technology departments in universities in the United States are incorporating finance, marketing, and management business training programs into graduate education. The increased advancement in technology has forced tech employers seek for employees who are refined in leadership, project management, and business skills. Women often did not receive such mentoring in graduate school, but technology has accelerated the need for training programs, which would eventually help a smoother transition of females into the science, engineering, and technology workforce (Rossiter, 2012, p. 381). Although men are no longer prohibiting women from their academic laboratories, cultural and institutional biases still exist and cripple female scientists. A solution to curb the inequalities in the workforce, which is low-cost and potentially widely acceptable, is the enforcement of existing antidiscrimination laws by the government. When the sixth, seventh, and the ninth titles of the Civil Rights Act are enforced, biased distribution of resources in faculties in terms of salary supplements, laboratory space, start-up packages, salary supplements, and university funding will no longer exist (Rossiter, 2012, p. 383). Next, the United States, as a whole, must disallow the depiction of female scientists and engineers as special interest groups. Women comprise almost half of the country’s population and now receive more undergraduate degrees in science than men do. Due to the income advantage that science, engineering, and technology professions bring, the failure to establish family-friendly relationships threatens to segregate women economically. Additionally, a 2006 research by the ‘Engineers Dedicated to a Better Tomorrow’ group affirms that females are more enticed with science, engineering, and technology professions when they consider it a tangible contribution to the society, as well as in improving local communities and the world in general (Rossiter, 2012, p. 384). In conclusion, the imbalance between men and women in science, engineering, and technology fields has been a major concern for decades. Despite the then-existing barriers to prevailing in male-dominated fields, women have somehow overcome the challenges. Unsung heroes such as Jewel Plummer Cobb and Grace Murray Hopper have had significant roles to play in the areas of science and technology, where they prevailed in the male-dominated professions and inspired women across the globe. The developing world has taken a different shape in identifying the roles played by females in science, engineering, and technology fields, mainly due to their difference in priorities comparing to those of the developed countries. Nonetheless, the significance of women in these fields is acknowledged, and measures to ease the entry of women to these fields are being enacted. Lastly, technological advancements have had its fair share of positive and negative impacts on females in science and engineering fi elds. However, with the ongoing policies to offer equal opportunities for men and women in the three fields, the future is more promising for the latter of the male-dominated professions.